Expecting to be happy all the time comes with a plethora of side-effects. Learning to live with unhappiness is the key.
The term “toxic positivity” has received a good deal of attention lately. Coming off the back of the “positivity movement” we are beginning to recognise while feeling happy is a good thing, overemphasising the importance of a positive attitude can backfire, ironically leading to more unhappiness.
Yes, research by the American Psychological Association shows happier people tend to live longer, be healthier and enjoy more successful lives. And the Association for Psychological Science has found “very happy people” have more of these benefits relative to only averagely happy people. But pursued in certain ways, happiness or positivity can become toxic.
Our research, published in The Journal of Positive Psychology and involving almost 500 people, was inspired by these apparently inconsistent findings—pursuing happiness may be both good and bad for our wellbeing. We aimed to uncover a key ingredient that turns positivity toxic.
Expecting the best, feeling worse
Some studies, like one published in Emotion, have shown that when people place a high value on their own happiness it can lead to less happiness, especially in contexts where they most expect to feel happy.
This tendency to expect happiness and then to feel disappointed or to blame oneself for not feeling happy enough has been linked to greater depressive symptoms and deficits in wellbeing.
As the line to a cartoon by Randy Glasbergen depicting a patient confessing to his psychologist puts it: “I am very, very happy. But I want to be very, very, very happy, and that is why I’m miserable.”
However, research published in Emotion has observed when people prioritise behaviours that maximise the likelihood of their future happiness—rather than attempting to directly increase their levels of happiness “in the moment”—they are more likely to experience improvements (rather than deficits) in their levels of wellbeing.
This may mean engaging in activities that provide a sense of achievement or purpose, such as volunteering time, completing difficult tasks or constructing daily routines that support wellbeing.
This work suggests pursuing happiness indirectly, rather than making it the main focus, could turn our search for positivity from toxic to tonic.
Valuing happiness versus prioritising positivity
We wanted to find out what it was about making happiness a focal goal that backfires. To gain a better understanding, we measured these two approaches to finding happiness: valuing happiness versus prioritising positivity.
People who valued happiness agreed with statements such as “I am concerned about my happiness even when I feel happy”, or “If I don’t feel happy, maybe there is something wrong with me”.
People who prioritised positivity agreed with statements such as “I structure my day to maximise my happiness”, or “I look for and nurture my positive emotions”.
We also included a measure of the extent to which people feel uncomfortable with their negative emotional experiences. To do this, we asked for responses to statements like: “I see myself as failing in life when feeling depressed or anxious”, or “I like myself less when I feel depressed or anxious”.
People who expected to feel happy (scoring high on valuing happiness) also tended to see their negative emotional states as a sign of failure in life and lacked acceptance of these emotional experiences. This discomfort with negative emotions partly explained why they had lower levels of wellbeing.
On the other hand, people who pursued happiness indirectly (scoring high on prioritising positivity) did not see their negative emotional states this way. They were more accepting of low feelings and did not see them as a sign they were failing in life.
What this shows is when people believe they need to maintain high levels of positivity or happiness all the time to make their lives worthwhile, or to be valued by others, they react poorly to their negative emotions. They struggle with these feelings or try to avoid them rather than accept them as a normal part of life. Pursuing happiness indirectly does not lead to this same reaction. Feeling down or stressed is not inconsistent with finding happiness.
What makes positivity toxic?
So, it appears the key ingredient in toxic positivity is not positivity itself after all. Rather, it is how a person’s attitude to happiness leads them to respond to negative experiences in life.
The prospect of experiencing pain, failure, loss or disappointment in life is unavoidable. There are times we are going to feel depressed, anxious, fearful or lonely. This is a fact. What matters is how we respond to these experiences. Do we lean into them and accept them for what they are, or do we try to avoid and escape from them?
If we are aiming to be happy all the time then we might feel tough times are interrupting our goal. But if we simply put a priority on positivity, we are less concerned by these feelings—we see them as an ingredient in the good life and part of the overall journey.
Rather than always trying to “turn a frown upside down”, we are more willing to sit with our low or uncomfortable emotions and understand that doing so will, in the long run, make us happy.
Learning to respond rather than react to these emotions is a key enabler of our happiness. Our reaction to discomfort is often to get away and to reduce the pain. This might mean we employ ineffective emotion regulation strategies such as avoiding or suppressing unpleasant feelings.
If we do, we fail to engage with the insights an unpleasant experience brings. Responding well to these experiences means getting “discomfortable”—being comfortable with our discomfort. Then we can be willing to feel what we feel and get curious about why those feeling are there. Taking this response allows us to increase our understanding, see our choices and make better decisions.
As the saying goes: “Pain is inevitable. Suffering is optional”.
Brock Bastian is a professor at the University of Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences. Ashley Humphrey is a lecturer in Psychology at Federation University Australia. This article first appeared on The Conversation website and is reprinted under a Creative Commons licence.
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